Critical Thinking and Informal Logic: Neuropsychological Perspectives
نویسنده
چکیده
This article challenges the common view that improvements in critical thinking are best pursued by investigations in informal logic. From the perspective of research in psychology and neuroscience, human inference is a process that is multimodal, parallel, and often emotional, which makes it unlike the linguistic, serial, and narrowly cognitive structure of arguments. Attempts to improve inferential practice need to consider psychological error tendencies, which are patterns of thinking that are natural for people but frequently lead to mistakes in judgment. This article discusses two important but neglected error tendencies: motivated inference and fear-driven inference. Résumé: Nous mettons en question le point de vue courant que l’amélioration de la pensée critique se réalise le mieux par l’enseignement de la logique non formelle. Selon les recherches en psychologie et en neuroscience, l’inférence consiste de plusieurs procédés parallèles souvent affectifs, ce qui diffère de la structure cognitive linguistique, successive, et étroite des arguments. Les tentatives d’améliorer les inférences doivent tenir compte des tendances psychologiques à commettre des erreurs qui sont le résultat des façons de penser naturelles qui induisent souvent les gens à former des mauvais jugements. On discute de deux erreurs importantes mais négligées : les inférences influencées par la motivation, et celles influencées par la
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